Nobel Prize Winners
Chemistry
Year
Winner
1901
Jacobus H. van't Hoff (The Netherlands)
1902
Emil H. Fischer (Germany)
1903
Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden)
1904
Sir William Ramsay (United Kingdom)
1905
Adolf von Baeyer (Germany)
1906
Henri Moissan (France)
1907
Eduard Buchner (Germany)
1908
Ernest Rutherford (United Kingdom)
1909
Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany)
1910
Otto Wallach (Germany)
1911
Marie Curie (France)
1912
Victor Grignard (France)
Paul Sabatier (France)
1913
Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
1914
Theodore W. Richards (United States)
1915
Richard Willstätter (Germany)
1916
Not awarded
1917
Not awarded
1918
Fritz Haber (Germany)
1919
Not awarded
1920
Walther H. Nernst (Germany)
1921
Frederick Soddy (United Kingdom)
1922
Francis W. Aston (United Kingdom)
1923
Fritz Pregl (Austria)
1924
Not Awarded
1925
Richard Zsigmondy (Germany)
1926
Theodor Svedberg (Sweden)
1927
Heinrich O. Wieland (Germany)
1928
Adolf Windaus (Germany)
1929
Sir Arthur Harden (United Kingdom)
Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden)
1930
Hans Fischer (Germany)
1931
Friedrich K. R. Bergius (Germany)
Carl Bosch (Germany)
1932
Irving Langmuir (United States)
1933
Not Awarded
1934
Harold C. Urey (United States)
1935
Irène Joliot-Curie (France)
Frédéric Joliot-Curie (France)
1936
Peter Joseph W. Debye (The Netherlands)
1937
Sir Walter N. Haworth (United Kingdom)
Paul Karrer (Switzerland)
1938
Richard Kuhn (Austria)
1939
Adolf Butenandt (Germany)
Leopold Ružicka (Switzerland)
1940
Not awarded
1941
Not awarded
1942
Not awarded
1943
Georg von Hevesy (Hungary)
1944
Otto Hahn (Germany)
1945
Artturi I. Virtanen (Finland)
1946
James B. Sumner (United States)
John H. Northrop (United States)
Wendell M. Stanley (United States)
1947
Sir Robert Robinson (United Kingdom)
1948
Arne V. K. Tiselius (Sweden)
1949
William F. Giauque (United States)
1950
Kurt Alder (West Germany)
Otto Paul H. Diels (West Germany)
1951
Edwin M. McMillan (United States)
Glenn T. Seaborg (United States)
1952
Archer John P. Martin (United Kingdom)
Richard L. M. Synge (United Kingdom)
1953
Hermann Staudinger (West Germany)
1954
Linus Pauling (United States)
1955
Vincent Du Vigneaud (United States)
1956
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (United Kingdom)
Nikolai N. Semenov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1957
Alexander Robertus Todd (United Kingdom)
1958
Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom)
1959
Yaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia)
1960
Willard F. Libby (United States)
1961
Melvin Calvin (United States)
1962
John C. Kendrew (United Kingdom)
Max F. Perutz (United Kingdom)
1963
Giulio Natta (Italy)
Karl Ziegler (West Germany)
1964
Dorothy C. Hodgkin (United Kingdom)
1965
Robert B. Woodward (United States)
1966
Robert S. Mulliken (United States)
1967
Manfred Eigen (West Germany)
Ronald G. West Norrish (United Kingdom)
George Porter (United Kingdom)
1968
Lars Onsager (United States)
1969
Derek H. R. Barton (United Kingdom)
Odd Hassel (Norway)
1970
Luis Federico Leloir (Argentina)
1971
Gerhard Herzberg (Canada)
1972
Christian B. Anfinsen (United States)
Stanford Moore (United States)
William H. Stein (United States)
1973
Ernst O. Fischer (West Germany)
Geoffrey Wilkinson (United Kingdom)
1974
Paul J. Flory (United States)
1975
John W. Cornforth (Australia)
Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland)
1976
William N. Lipscomb, Jr. (United States)
1977
Ilya Prigogine (Belgium)
1978
Peter Mitchell (United Kingdom)
1979
Herbert C. Brown (United States)
Georg Wittig (West Germany)
1980
Paul Berg (United States)
Walter Gilbert (United States)
Frederick Sanger (United Kingdom)
1981
Fukui Kenichi (Japan)
Roald Hoffmann (United States)
1982
Aaron Klug (United Kingdom)
1983
Henry Taube (United States)
1984
R. Bruce Merrifield (United States)
1985
Herbert A. Hauptman (United States)
Jerome Karle (United States)
1986
Dudley R. Herschbach (United States)
Yuan T. Lee (United States)
John C. Polanyi (Canada)
1987
Donald J. Cram (United States)
Charles J. Pedersen (United States)
Jean-Marie Lehn (France)
1988
Johann Deisenhofer (West Germany)
Robert Huber (West Germany)
Hartmut Michel (West Germany)
1989
Sidney Altman (Canada-United States)
Thomas R. Cech (United States)
1990
Elias James Corey (United States)
1991
Richard Ernst (Switzerland)
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus (Canada-United States)
1993
Kary B. Mullis (United States)
Michael Smith (Canada)
1994
George A. Olah (United States)
1995
Paul J. Crutzen (The Netherlands)
Mario J. Molina (Mexico-United States)
F. Sherwood Rowland (United States)
1996
Robert F. Curl, Jr. (United States)
Sir Harold W. Kroto (United Kingdom)
Richard E. Smalley (United States)
1997
Paul D. Boyer (United States)
John E. Walker (United Kingdom)
Jens C. Skou (Denmark)
1998
Walter Kohn (Austria)
John A. Pople (United Kingdom)
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt and United States)
2000
Alan J. Heeger (United States)
Alan G. MacDiarmid (United States)
Hideki Shirakawa (Japan)
2001
William S. Knowles (United States)
Ryoji Noyori (Japan)
K. Barry Sharpless (United States)
2002
John Fenn (United States)
Koichi Tanaka (Japan)
Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland)
2003
Peter Agre (United States)
Roderick MacKinnon (United States)
2004
Aaron Ciechanover (Israel)
Avram Hershko (Israel)
Irwin Rose (United States)
2005
Yves Chauvin (France)
Robert H. Grubbs (United States)
Richard R. Schrock (United States)
2006
Roger D. Kornberg (United States)
2007
Gerhard Ertl (Germany)
Economic Sciences
Year
Winner
1969
Ragnar Frisch (Norway)
Jan Tinbergen (The Netherlands)
1970
Paul A. Samuelson (United States)
1971
Simon Kuznets (United States)
1972
Kenneth J. Arrow (United States)
Sir John R. Hicks (United Kingdom)
1973
Wassily Leontief (United States)
1974
F. A. von Hayek (Austria)
Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden)
1975
Leonid Kantorovich (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
T. C. Koopmans (United States)
1976
Milton Friedman (United States)
1977
Bertil Ohlin (Sweden)
James Meade (United Kingdom)
1978
Herbert A. Simon (United States)
1979
Theodore W. Schultz (United States)
Arthur Lewis (United States)
1980
Lawrence R. Klein (United States)
1981
James Tobin (United States)
1982
George J. Stigler (United States)
1983
Gerard Debreu (United States)
1984
Richard Stone (United Kingdom)
1985
Franco Modigliani (United States)
1986
James McGill Buchanan (United States)
1987
Robert Solow (United States)
1988
Maurice Allais (France)
1989
Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)
1990
Harry M. Markowitz (United States)
William F. Sharpe (United States)
Merton H. Miller (United States)
1991
Ronald H. Coase (United States)
1992
Gary S. Becker (United States)
1993
Robert W. Fogel (United States)
Douglass C. North (United States)
1994
John C. Harsanyi (United States)
John F. Nash (United States)
Reinhard Selton (Germany)
1995
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (United States)
1996
James A. Mirrlees (United Kingdom)
William Vickrey (United States)
1997
Robert C. Merton (United States)
Myron S. Scholes (United States)
1998
Amartya Sen (India)
1999
Robert A. Mundell (Canada)
2000
James J. Heckman (United States)
Daniel L. McFadden (United States)
2001
George A. Akerlof (United States)
A. Michael Spence (United States)
Joseph E. Stiglitz (United States)
2002
Daniel Kahneman (United States)
Vernon L. Smith (United States)
2003
Robert F. Engle (United States)
Clive W. J. Granger (United Kingdom)
2004
Finn E. Kydland (Norway)
Edward C. Prescott (United States)
2005
Robert J. Aumann (Israel and United States)
Thomas C. Schelling (United States)
2006
Edmund S. Phelps (United States)
2007
Leonid Hurwicz (United States)
Eric S. Maskin (United States)
Roger B. Myerson (United States)
Literature
Year
Winner
1901
Sully Prudhomme (France)
1902
Theodor Mommsen (Germany)
1903
Björnstjerne Björnson (Norway)
1904
Frédéric Mistral (France)
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (Spain)
1905
Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland)
1906
Giosuè Carducci (Italy)
1907
Rudyard Kipling (United Kingdom)
1908
Rudolf C. Eucken (Germany)
1909
Selma O.L. Lagerlöf (Sweden)
1910
Paul von Heyse (Germany)
1911
Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium)
1912
Gerhart Hauptmann (Germany)
1913
Sir Rabindranath Tagore (India)
1914
Not awarded
1915
Romain Rolland (France)
1916
Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden)
1917
Karl Gjellerup (Denmark)
Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark)
1918
Not awarded
1919
Carl Spitteler (Switzerland)
1920
Knut Hamsun (Norway)
1921
Anatole France (France)
1922
Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (Spain)
1923
William Butler Yeats (Ireland)
1924
Wladyslaw S. Reymont (Poland)
1925
George Bernard Shaw (United Kingdom)
1926
Grazia Deledda (Italy)
1927
Henri Louis Bergson (France)
1928
Sigrid Undset (Norway)
1929
Thomas Mann (Germany)
1930
Sinclair Lewis (United States)
1931
Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Sweden)
1932
John Galsworthy (United Kingdom)
1933
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1934
Luigi Pirandello (Italy)
1935
Not awarded
1936
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (United States)
1937
Roger Martin du Gard (France)
1938
Pearl Buck (Sydenstricker) (United States)
1939
Frans Eemil Sillanpää (Finland)
1940
Not awarded
1941
Not awarded
1942
Not awarded
1943
Not awarded
1944
Johannes V. Jensen (Denmark)
1945
Gabriela Mistral (Chile)
1946
Hermann Hesse (Switzerland)
1947
André Gide (France)
1948
T(homas) S(tearns) Eliot (United Kingdom)
1949
William Faulkner (United States)
1950
Bertrand A.W. Russell (United Kingdom)
1951
Pär F. Lagerkvist (Sweden)
1952
François Mauriac (France)
1953
Sir Winston Churchill (United Kingdom)
1954
Ernest Hemingway (United States)
1955
Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Iceland)
1956
Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain)
1957
Albert Camus (France)
1958
Boris L. Pasternak* (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1959
Salvatore Quasimodo (Italy)
1960
Saint-John Perse (France)
1961
Ivo Andric (Yugoslavia)
1962
John Ernst Steinbeck (United States)
1963
George Seferis (Greece)
1964
Jean-Paul Sartre* (France)
1965
Mikhail A. Sholokhov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1966
Shmuel Yosef H. Agnon (Israel)
Nelly Sachs (Germany-Sweden)
1967
Miguel Angel Asturias (Guatemala)
1968
Kawabata Yasunari (Japan)
1969
Samuel Beckett (Ireland)
1970
Aleksandr I. Solzhenitzyn (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1971
Pablo Neruda (Chile)
1972
Heinrich Böll (West Germany)
1973
Patrick V.M. White (Australia)
1974
Eyvind Johnson (Sweden)
Harry Martinson (Sweden)
1975
Eugenio Montale (Italy)
1976
Saul Bellow (United States)
1977
Vicente Aleixandre (Spain)
1978
Isaac Bashevis Singer (United States)
1979
Odysseus Elytis (Greece)
1980
Czeslaw Milosz (Poland-United States)
1981
Elias Canetti (United Kingdom)
1982
Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
1983
William Golding (United Kingdom)
1984
Jaroslav Seifert (Czechoslovakia)
1985
Claude Simon (France)
1986
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
1987
Joseph Brodsky (United States)
1988
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
1989
Camilo José Cela (Spain)
1990
Octavio Paz (Mexico)
1991
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa)
1992
Derek W. Walcott (St. Lucia)
1993
Toni Morrison (United States)
1994
Oe Kenzaburo (Japan)
1995
Seamus Heaney (Ireland)
1996
Wislawa Szymborska (Poland)
1997
Dario Fo (Italy)
1998
José Saramago (Portugal)
1999
Günter Grass (Germany)
2000
Gao Xingjian (China-France)
2001
Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (United Kingdom)
2002
Imre Kertész (Hungary)
2003
John Maxwell Coetzee (South Africa)
2004
Elfriede Jelinek (Austria)
2005
Harold Pinter (United Kingdom)
2006
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)
2007
Doris Lessing (United Kingdom)
* Prize declined
Peace
Year
Winner
1901
Jean Henri Dunant (Switzerland)
Frédéric Passy (France)
1902
Élie Ducommun (Switzerland)
Charles A. Gobat (Switzerland)
1903
Sir William R. Cremer (United Kingdom)
1904
Institute of International Law
1905
Bertha von Suttner (Austria)
1906
Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
1907
Ernesto T. Moneta (Italy)
Louis Renault (France)
1908
Klas P. Arnoldson (Sweden)
Fredrik Bajer (Denmark)
1909
Auguste M. Beernaert (Belgium)
Baron d' Estournelles de Constant (France)
1910
International Peace Bureau
1911
Tobias M. C. Asser (The Netherlands)
Alfred H. Fried (Austria)
1912
Elihu Root (United States)
1913
Henri Lafontaine (Belgium)
1914
Not awarded
1915
Not awarded
1916
Not awarded
1917
International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
Not awarded
1919
Woodrow Wilson (United States)
1920
Léon V. A. Bourgeois (France)
1921
Karl H. Branting (Sweden)
Christian L. Lange (Norway)
1922
Fridtjof Nansen (Norway)
1923
Not awarded
1924
Not awarded
1925
Charles G. Dawes (United States)
Sir (Joseph) Austriaen Chamberlain (United Kingdom)
1926
Aristide Briand (France)
Gustav Stresemann (Germany)
1927
Ferdinand Buisson (France)
Ludwig Quidde (Germany)
1928
Not awarded
1929
Frank B. Kellogg (United States)
1930
Nathan Söderblom (United States)
1931
Jane Addams (United States)
Nicholas M. Butler (United States)
1932
Not awarded
1933
Sir Norman Angell (United Kingdom)
1934
Arthur Henderson (United Kingdom)
1935
Carl von Ossietzky (Germany)
1936
Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina)
1937
Edgar Algernon Robert Cecil (United Kingdom)
1938
Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
Not awarded
1940
Not awarded
1941
Not awarded
1942
Not awarded
1943
Not awarded
1944
International Committee of the Red Cross
1945
Cordell Hull (United States)
1946
Emily G. Balch (United States)
John R. Mott (United States)
1947
Friends Service Council (United Kingdom)
American Friends Service Committee (United States)
1948
Not awarded
1949
John Boyd Orr (United Kingdom)
1950
Ralph J. Bunche (United States)
1951
Léon Jouhaux (France)
1952
Albert Schweitzer (France)
1953
George C. Marshall (United States)
1954
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
Not awarded
1956
Not awarded
1957
Lester B. Pearson (Canada)
1958
Georges Henri Pire (Belgium)
1959
Philip J. Noel-Baker (United Kingdom)
1960
Albert J. Luthuli (South Africa)
1961
Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
1962
Linus C. Pauling (United States)
1963
International Committee of the Red Cross
League of Red Cross Societies
1964
Martin Luther King, Jr. (United States)
1965
United Nations Children's Fund
1966
Not awarded
1967
Not awarded
1968
René Cassin (France)
1969
International Labor Organization
1970
Norman E. Borlaug (United States)
1971
Willy Brandt (West Germany)
1972
Not awarded
1973
Henry A. Kissinger (United States)
Le Duc Tho* (North Vietnam)
1974
Sato Eisaku (Japan)
Seán MacBride (Ireland)
1975
Andrey Sakharov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1976
Mairead Corrigan (Northern Ireland)
Betty Williams (Northern Ireland)
1977
Amnesty International
1978
Anwar al-Sadat (Egypt)
Menachem Begin (Israel)
1979
Mother Teresa of Calcutta (India)
1980
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)
1981
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982
Alva Myrdal (Sweden)
Alfonso Garcia Robles (Mexico)
1983
Lech Walesa (Poland)
1984
Desmond Tutu (South Africa)
1985
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States)
1986
Elie Wiesel (United States)
1987
Oscar Arias Sanchez (Costa Rica)
1988
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989
Dalai Lama (Tibet)
1990
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1991
Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)
1992
Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)
1993
F. W. de Klerk (South Africa)
Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
1994
Yasir Arafat (Palestine)
Shimon Peres (Israel)
Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
1995
Joseph Rotblat (Poland-United Kingdom) and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1996
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (East Timor)
José Ramos-Horta (East Timor)
1997
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)
Jody Williams (United States)
1998
John Hume (Northern Ireland)
David Trimble (Northern Ireland)
1999
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)
2000
Kim Dae Jung (South Korea)
2001
Kofi Atta Annan (Ghana)
United Nations (UN)
2002
James Earl (Jimmy) Carter (United States)
2003
Shirin Ebadi (Iran)
2004
Wangari Maathai (Kenya)
2005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Mohamed ElBaradei (Egypt)
2006
Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh)
Grameen Bank
2007
Albert Gore, Jr. (United States)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UN)
* Prize declined
Physics
Year
Winner
1901
Wilhelm C. Roentgen (Germany)
1902
Hendrik A. Lorentz (The Netherlands)
Pieter Zeeman (The Netherlands)
1903
Pierre Curie (France)
Marie Curie (France)
Antoine H. Becquerel (France)
1904
John W. Rayleigh (United Kingdom)
1905
Philipp Lenard (Germany)
1906
Sir Joseph John Thomson (United Kingdom)
1907
Albert A. Michelson (United States)
1908
Gabriel Lippmann (France)
1909
Karl F. Braun (Germany)
Marchese G. Marconi (Italy)
1910
Johannes D. van der Waals (The Netherlands)
1911
Wilhelm Wien (Germany)
1912
Nils Gustaf Dalén (Sweden)
1913
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (The Netherlands)
1914
Max von Laue (Germany)
1915
Sir William Henry Bragg (United Kingdom)
Sir William L. Bragg (United Kingdom)
1916
Not awarded
1917
Charles G. Barkla (United Kingdom)
1918
Max Karl E. L. Planck (Germany)
1919
Johannes Stark (Germany)
1920
Charles E. Guillaume (France)
1921
Albert Einstein (Switzerland-Germany)
1922
Niels Henrik D. Bohr (Denmark)
1923
Robert A. Millikan (United States)
1924
Karl M. G. Siegbahn (Sweden)
1925
James Franck (Germany)
Gustav Hertz (Germany)
1926
Jean-Baptiste Perrin (France)
1927
Arthur H. Compton (United States)
Charles T. Wilson (United Kingdom)
1928
Sir Owen Richardson (United Kingdom)
1929
Louis Victor de Broglie (France)
1930
Sir Chandrasekhara Raman (India)
1931
Not awarded
1932
Werner Heisenberg (Germany)
1933
Paul Adrien M. Dirac (United Kingdom)
Erwin Schrödinger (Austria)
1934
Not awarded
1935
Sir James Chadwick (United Kingdom)
1936
Carl D. Anderson (United States)
Victor F. Hess (Austria)
1937
Clinton J. Davisson (United States)
Sir George P. Thomson (United Kingdom)
1938
Enrico Fermi (Italy)
1939
Ernest O. Lawrence (United States)
1940
Not awarded
1941
Not awarded
1942
Not awarded
1943
Otto Stern (United States)
1944
Isidor I. Rabi (United States)
1945
Wolfgang Pauli (United States)
1946
Percy W. Bridgman (United States)
1947
Sir Edward V. Appleton (United Kingdom)
1948
Patrick M. S. Blackett (United Kingdom)
1949
Yukawa Hideki (Japan)
1950
Cecil F. Powell (United Kingdom)
1951
Sir John D. Cockcroft (United Kingdom)
Ernest T. S. Walton (Ireland)
1952
Felix Bloch (United States)
Edward M. Purcell (United States)
1953
Frits Zernike (The Netherlands)
1954
Max Born (West Germany)
Walther Bothe (East Germany)
1955
Polykarp Kusch (United States)
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. (United States)
1956
William B. Shockley (United States)
Walter H. Brattain (United States)
John Bardeen (United States)
1957
Tsung-Dao Lee (China-United States)
Chen Ning Yang (United States)
1958
Pavel A. Cherenkov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Ilya M. Frank (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Igor Y. Tamm (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1959
Owen Chamberlain (United States)
Emilio G. Segré (United States)
1960
Donald A. Glaser (United States)
1961
Robert Hofstadter (United States)
Rudolf L. Mössbauer (West Germany)
1962
Lev. D. Landau (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1963
Eugene P. Wigner (United States)
Maria G. Mayer (United States)
Johannes Hans D. Jensen (West Germany)
1964
Nikolai G. Basov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Charles H. Townes (United States)
1965
Richard P. Feynman (United States)
Julian S. Schwinger (United States)
Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Japan)
1966
Alfred Kastler (France)
1967
Hans A. Bethe (United States)
1968
Luis W. Alvarez (United States)
1969
Murray Gell-Mann (United States)
1970
Louis Eugène F. Néel (France)
Hannes O. G. Alfvén (Sweden)
1971
Dennis Gabor (United Kingdom)
1972
John Bardeen (United States)
Leon N. Cooper (United States)
John R. Schrieffer (United States)
1973
Ivar Giaever (United States)
Leo Esaki (Japan)
Brian D. Josephson (United Kingdom)
1974
Sir Martin Ryle (United Kingdom)
Antony Hewish (United Kingdom)
1975
Aage N. Bohr (Denmark)
Ben R. Mottelson (Denmark)
James Rainwater (United States)
1976
Burton Richter (United States)
Samuel C. C. Ting (United States)
1977
John H. Van Vleck (United States)
Philip W. Anderson (United States)
Sir Nevill F. Mott (United Kingdom)
1978
Arno A. Penzias (United States)
Robert W. Wilson (United States)
Peter Leonidovich Kapitza (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
1979
Steven Weinberg (United States)
Sheldon L. Glashow (United States)
Abdus Salam (Pakistan)
1980
James W. Cronin (United States)
Val L. Fitch (United States)
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen (United States)
Arthur Leonard Schawlow (United States)
Kai Siegbahn (Sweden)
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson (United States)
1983
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (United States)
William A. Fowler (United States)
1984
Carlo Rubbia (Italy)
Simon van der Meer (The Netherlands)
1985
Klaus von Klitzing (West Germany)
1986
Ernest Ruska (West Germany)
Gerd Binnig (West Germany)
Heinrich Rohrer (Switzerland)
1987
K. Alex Muller (Switzerland)
J. Georg Bednorz (Switzerland)
1988
Leon Max Lederman (United States)
Melvin Schwartz (United States)
Jack Steinberger (United States)
1989
Hans G. Dehmelt (United States)
Wolfgang Paul (West Germany)
Norman F. Ramsey (United States)
1990
Richard E. Taylor (Canada)
Jerome I. Friedman (United States)
Henry W. Kendall (United States)
1991
Pierre Gilles de Gennes (France)
1992
George Charpak (France)
1993
Joseph H. Taylor (United States)
Russell A. Hulse (United States)
1994
Clifford G. Shull (United States)
Bertram N. Brockhouse (Canada)
1995
Martin L. Perl (United States)
Frederick Reines (United States)
1996
David M. Lee (United States)
Douglas D. Osheroff (United States)
Robert C. Richardson (United States)
1997
Steven Chu (United States)
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (France)
William D. Philips (United States)
1998
Robert Laughlin (United States)
Daniel Tsui (United States)
Horst Störmer (Germany)
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft (The Netherlands)
Martinus J. G. Veltman (The Netherlands)
2000
Zhores I. Alferov (Russia)
Herbert Kroemer (United States)
Jack S. Kilby (United States)
2001
Eric A. Cornell (United States)
Wolfgang Ketterle (United States)
Carl E. Wieman (United States)
2002
Raymond Davis (United States)
Riccardo Giacconi (United States)
Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan)
2003
Alexei A. Abrikosov (Russia/United States)
Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia)
Anthony J. Leggett (United Kingdom/United States)
2004
David J. Gross (United States)
H. David Politzer (United States)
Frank Wilczek (United States)
2005
Roy J. Glauber (United States)
John L. Hall (United States)
Theodor W. Hänsch (Germany)
2006
John C. Mather (United States)
George F. Smoot (United States)
2007
Albert Fert (France)
Peter Grünberg (Germany)
Physiology or Medicine
Year
Winner
1901
Emil Adolph von Behring (Germany)
1902
Sir Ronald Ross (United Kingdom)
1903
Niels Finsen (Denmark)
1904
Ivan P. Pavlov (Russia)
1905
Robert Koch (Germany)
1906
Camillo Golgi (Italy)
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain)
1907
Charles L. A. Laveran (France)
1908
Paul Ehrlich (Germany)
Elie Metchnikoff (Russia)
1909
Emil T. Kocher (Switzerland)
1910
Albrecht Kossel (Germany)
1911
Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden)
1912
Alexis Carrel (France)
1913
Charles R. Richet (France)
1914
Robert Bárány (Austria)
1915
Not awarded
1916
Not awarded
1917
Not awarded
1918
Not awarded
1919
Jules Bordet (Belgium)
1920
(Schack) August Krogh (Denmark)
1921
Not awarded
1922
Archibald V. Hill (United Kingdom)
Otto Meyerhof (Germany)
1923
Sir Frederick G. Banting (Canada)
John James R. Macleod (United Kingdom)
1924
Willem Einthoven (The Netherlands)
1925
Not awarded
1926
Johannes Fibiger (Denmark)
1927
Julius Wagner von Jauregg (Austria)
1928
Charles Jean H. Nicolle (France)
1929
Christian Eijkman (The Netherlands)
Sir Frederick G. Hopkins (United Kingdom)
1930
Karl Landsteiner (United States)
1931
Otto H. Warburg (Germany)
1932
Edgar D. Adrian (United Kingdom)
Sir Charles S. Sherrington (United Kingdom)
1933
Thomas H. Morgan (United States)
1934
George R. Minot (United States)
William P. Murphy (United States)
George H. Whipple (United States)
1935
Hans Spemann (Germany)
1936
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (United Kingdom)
Otto Loewi (United States)
1937
Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt (United States)
1938
Corneille-Jean-François Heymans (Belgium)
1939
Gerhard Domagk (Germany)
1940
Not awarded
1941
Not awarded
1942
Not awarded
1943
Edward A. Doisy (United States)
Carl Peter H. Dam (Denmark)
1944
Joseph Erlanger (United States)
Herbert S. Gasser (United States)
1945
Sir Alexander Fleming (United Kingdom)
Ernst Boris Chain (United Kingdom)
Sir Howard W. Florey (United Kingdom)
1946
Hermann J. Muller (United States)
1947
Carl F. Cori (United States)
Gerty Theresa R. Cori (United States)
Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentina)
1948
Paul Müller (Switzerland)
1949
Antonio Egas Moniz (Portugal)
Walter R. Hess (Switzerland)
1950
Philip S. Hench (United States)
Edward C. Kendall (United States)
Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland)
1951
Max Theiler (South Africa)
1952
Selman A. Waksman (United States)
1953
Fritz A. Lipmann (United States)
Hans Adolf Krebs (United Kingdom)
1954
John F. Enders (United States)
Thomas H. Weller (United States)
Frederick C. Robbins (United States)
1955
(Axel) Hugo Teodor Theorell (Sweden)
1956
Dickinson W. Richards (United States)
André F. Cournand (United States)
Werner Forssmann (West Germany)
1957
Daniel Bovet (Italy)
1958
George W. Beadle (United States)
Joshua Lederberg (United States)
Edward L. Tatum (United States)
1959
Severo Ochoa (United States)
Arthur Kornberg (United States)
1960
Sir Macfarlane Bumet (Australia)
Sir Peter B. Medawar (United Kingdom)
1961
Georg von Békésy (United States)
1962
Francis Harry C. Crick (United Kingdom)
James D. Watson (United States)
Maurice H.F. Wilkins (United Kingdom)
1963
Alan L. Hodgkin (United Kingdom)
Andrew F. Huxley (United Kingdom)
Sir John C. Eccles (Australia)
1964
Konrad E. Bloch (United States)
Feodor Lynen (West Germany)
1965
François Jacob (France)
André Lwoff (France)
1966
Charles B. Huggins (United States)
(Francis) Peyton Rous (United States)
1967
Ragnar Granit (Sweden)
Haldan K. Hartline (United States)
George Wald (United States)
1968
Robert William Holley (United States)
Har Gobind Khorana (United States)
Marshall W. Nirenberg (United States)
1969
Max Delbrück (United States)
Alfred D. Hershey (United States)
Salvador E. Luria (United States)
1970
Julius Axelrod (United States)
Ulf S. von Euler (Sweden)
Sir Bernard Katz (United Kingdom)
1971
Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (United States)
1972
Gerald M. Edelman (United States)
Rodney R. Porter (United Kingdom)
1973
Karl von Frisch (West Germany)
Konrad Lorenz (Austria)
Nikolaas Tinbergen (The Netherlands)
1974
Albert Claude (United States)
Christian de Duve (Belgium)
George E. Palade (United States)
1975
David Baltimore (United States)
Renato Dulbecco (United States)
Howard M. Temin (United States)
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg (United States)
Daniel C. Gajdusek (United States)
1977
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (United States)
Roger Guillemin (United States)
Andrew Schally (United States)
1978
Daniel Nathans (United States)
Hamilton O. Smith (United States)
Werner Arber (Switzerland)
1979
Allan McLeod Cormack (United States)
Godfrey Newbold (United Kingdom)
1980
Jean Dausset (France)
George Snell (United States)
Baruj Benacerraf (United States)
1981
David H. Hubel (United States)
Roger W. Sperry (United States)
Torsten N. Wiesel (United States)
1982
Sune K. Bergstrom (Sweden)
Bengt I. Samuelsson (Sweden)
John R. Vane (United Kingdom)
1983
Barbara McClintock (United States)
1984
Niels K. Jerne (Denmark-United Kingdom)
Georges J. F. Köhler (West Germany)
Cesar Milstein (Argentina-United Kingdom)
1985
Michael S. Brown (United States)
Joseph L. Goldstein (United States)
1986
Stanley Cohen (United States)
Rita Levi-Montalcini (United States-Italy)
1987
Tonegawa Susumu (Japan)
1988
Sir James Black (United Kingdom)
Gertrude B. Elion (United States)
George Hitchings (United States)
1989
J. Michael Bishop (United States)
Harold E. Varmus (United States)
1990
Joseph E. Murray (United States)
E. Donnall Thomas (United States)
1991
Erwin Neher (Germany)
Bert Sakmann (Germany)
1992
Edmond H. Fischer (United States)
Edwin G. Krebs (United States)
1993
Richard J. Roberts (United Kingdom-United States)
Phillip A. Sharp (United States)
1994
Alfred G. Gilman (United States)
Martin Rodbell (United States)
1995
Edward B. Lewis (United States)
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany)
Eric F. Wieschaus (United States)
1996
Peter C. Doherty (Australia)
Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland)
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner (United States)
1998
Robert F. Furchgott (United States)
Louis J. Ignarro (United States)
Ferid Murad (United States)
1999
Günter Blobel (United States)
2000
Arvid Carlsson (Sweden)
Paul Greengard (United States)
Eric Kandel (United States)
2001
Leland H. Hartwell (United States)
R. Timothy Hunt (United Kingdom)
Paul M. Nurse (United Kingdom)
2002
Sydney Brenner (United Kingdom)
H. Robert Horvitz (United States)
John E. Sulston (United Kingdom)
2003
Paul C. Lauterbur (United States)
Sir Peter Mansfield (United Kingdom)
2004
Richard Axel (United States)
Linda B. Buck (United States)
2005
Barry J. Marshall (Australia)
J. Robin Warren (Australia)
2006
Andrew Z. Fire (United States)
Craig C. Mello (United States)
2007
Mario Capecchi (United States)
Martin Evans (United Kingdom)
Oliver Smithies (United States)
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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